Basin waste trap.

Yes, there are waste extension pieces but I haven't bought one for 20 years or so - I'm sure google will be your friend

If it isn't visible, get a "jollyflex" (they are ugly...), i.e.

Jollyflex 1 1/4 Inch Flexible Waste Pipe

Last time I fitted a new basin, I chose to use a HepVO "trap". In fact, I fitted two basins, one with the HepVO vertically below the basin, the other with a 90 degree just below the basin and the HepVO horizontally. Gave lots of flexibility about how to route the rest of the waste pipe. I used HepFLex and solvent welded connectors.

For my purposes, they were brilliant.

They (or similar) might or might not work for your purposes. But I know that I would do exactly the same again, if circumstances arose that I needed to.

The adjustable ones usually have at least 70mm of adjustment, but there is a choice, and P traps have a wider adjustment commonly. Search for 'telescopic traps'. If you really need a larger adjustment than the standard adjustable one then you can use:

My basin, bath and sink all use HepVO or equivalent and they are all outside. The don't freeze up and having just pipework inside leaves more space for adjusting pipe runs. Might need to shield the trap from sunligh, as its polyprop. and don't use drain cleaner. The sink used to get a biofilm growing up from the trap. Happened in warm weather, got a bit smelly and needed a small bottle brush and bleach 3 or 4 times a year. Now I might give it a brush once a year, at the end of summer, just for luck.