the soil is warm, you can plant anything with the few exceptions I mentioned early. I buy my cool weather seeds at Territorial Seeds, if you order via the web today you will have them in two days in the mail. Keep the unused seeds in the freezer in a ziploc bag and they will last forever.
For the garlic shoots, I am not familiar with the warmer weather varieties, but yes, I plant cloves, or better, bulbils from last year's crop, in october. In my case, they come up when the weather warms again in early march. In your case they may come up sooner. Any warm weather garlic grower here?
anyway, with the lettuce, mesclun and the radishes you will have something in 5 weeks. The chard will kick in in 10 weeks or so and the peas and broccoli in 12-14. Temperatures in the 80s is just perfect for planting seeds. They will take off, then mature during the cooler fall days.