The starter cable is irrelevant in this equation since there will be *no current flowing* unless the starter is operating. If the starter is operating, then there will minimal output from the alternator so, in that situation, the alternator is irrelevant. So, it the engine is running and the battery is fully charged, the *battery* is, for all intents and purposes irrelevant since alternator current will, for the most part, be flowing from B+ on the alternator, bypassing the battery and flowing to those loads that require it. The alternator is, in effect, wired in parallel with the battery.
Correction, that is how you *calculate current*. The issue is that you need to *know* the resistance.
An ammeter will measure current directly by being placed *in the circuit*, with or without a shunt resistor.
Ammeters have extremely low resistances so have minimal effect on a circuit, especially general automotive ones. If you need to measure a higher current than the meter is capable of handling, you use a shunt.
Amp clamps are cheap. Have a pro one here somewhere.