Many tilt up walls have the insulation in the center. One wall is poured face down, so the casting bed prep needs to be as smooth as your desired finish. Rebar and special ties are cast in the slab. Rigid foam is then installed and rebar tied for the top slab. The top slab is cast face up and the trowel finish is exposed. Lifting inserts will need to be plugged, and the plugs will show. Edge weldments will show.
Sealing poured concrete is usually done with silanes or siloxanes. These are water clear and don't tend to change the cast finish or color.
Concrete supply is subject to local availability. Ready mix truck supplied concrete would be the norm. Very large jobs may add a batch plant to feed regular concrete trucks - just cut down on the haul time. Some huge work may deliver concrete in dump trucks if there are methods in place to deal with it, usually highway work.
I am not aware of a CIP system that has insulation in the center and cast finish on each face. There may be some Gunnite type work that would meet your requirements. Cast concrete usually has snap tie holes with which to deal. At best you can get a rubbed or stoned finish on the walls after stripping.