SO you think they're taught that ear infections don't cause inflammation? That they're taught to prescribe antibiotics for a sprained ankle? With the concern with overuse of antibiotics, I highly doubt it.
Time. The "script" is correct 99% of the time. Like it or not, much medicine is an assembly line. Specialists usually have time (and resources) to isolate things a little more but ,yes, the initial diagnosis has to be right to find the right specialist. Or (as I found) that one specialist assumes/rejects symptoms that aren't consistent with their specialty. My cardiologist missed a, related but not immediately explicable, neurological issue.
No, doctors aren't perfect (they're only licensed to _practice_)
Fraud, incompetence, and malpractice have nothing to do with your original subject.
BTW, with the exception of one PCP, all of my doctors have been top notch. I have a dozen, or more, appointments with five or six specialists every year. I just picked up two more for another dozen visits but I hope it's temporary. While I've found almost universal competence in physicians, I've found the opposite with the administrators. They're almost wholly incompetent.