The standard explanation is dirt (or soot from candles) in the rooms accumulates around the registers due to airflow as show in the diagram here about 1/3 of the way down, where it says "Dirt on the ceiling":
She keeps the wicks trimmed. I guess it's possible that the bottom of a wick has a defect that only shows up as the upper portion of the candle burns away, but there hasn't been visible smoke.
Last Saturday, the smoke alarm went off in her apartment. Couldn't tie it directly to the candles, but after she put them (four or so) out, the alarm stopped.
The problem is most intense in the kitchen, which also happens to be the closest room to the gas furnace located in the attic above her kitchen. The more distant the register, the less noticeable the soot. (Also, no candle burning in the distant room.)
The furnace is about nine years old, so a leak in the air exchanger is unlikely. Even if there is one, there also would have to be incomplete combustion of the gas to allow carbon particles to mix in the heated air to her apartment.
Thanks for your ideas.
R1