How much space do you intend to devote to the project? Any idea how big the plants actually get and how much you can harvest from each plant? Vegetable plants like light. Think outdoors on a sunny day. Other than dandelions which grow all the time, most vegetables grow in a particular season. Broccoli likes cool weather and sweet potatoes like it hot.
You need to get some books on vegetable gardening and nutrition and do some studying.
No, as far as nutrients, the guy is right. Green vegetables have the most, Collard and kale are usually considered the two best, though broccoli and sweet potatoes are also good. Dandelion is a chicory and probably more nutritious than sweet potatoes but not as good as collard. In fact, cabbage is less nutritious than the aforementioned veggies, but one gets a lot more cabbage than collard per row, and so cabbage is probably the answer. A little time spent on the USDA website, plus an estimate of yields per square foot, is all that is needed.
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